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Trustworthy Decision-Making for Autonomous Vehicles: A Robust Reinforcement Learning Approach with Safety

Xiangkun He,Wenhui Huang,Chen Lv,

《工程（英文）》 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.10.005

摘要： While autonomous vehicles are vital components of intelligent transportation systems, ensuring the trustworthiness of decision-making remains a substantial challenge in realizing autonomous driving. Therefore, we present a novel robust reinforcement learning approach with safety guarantees to attain trustworthy decision-making for autonomous vehicles. The proposed technique ensures decision trustworthiness in terms of policy robustness and collision safety. Specifically, an adversary model is learned online to simulate the worst-case uncertainty by approximating the optimal adversarial perturbations on the observed states and environmental dynamics. In addition, an adversarial robust actor-critic algorithm is developed to enable the agent to learn robust policies against perturbations in observations and dynamics. Moreover, we devise a safety mask to guarantee the collision safety of the autonomous driving agent during both the training and testing processes using an interpretable knowledge model known as the Responsibility-Sensitive Safety model. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated through both simulations and experiments. These results indicate that the autonomous driving agent can make trustworthy decisions and drastically reduce the number of collisions through robust safety policies.

关键词： Autonomous vehicle Decision-making Reinforcement learning Adversarial attack Safety guarantee

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基于全寿命劣化分析的海底盾构隧道管片安全保障对策研究

刘四进,何川,孙齐,封坤

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第6期页码 52-60 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.06.008

摘要：

管片接头是海底盾构隧道衬砌结构的薄弱环节，在海水的高压力与腐蚀环境的持续耦合作用下，其劣化性能严重影响整个海底盾构隧道衬砌结构的安全。本文在分析既有管片接头侵蚀劣化研究成果的基础上，引入隧道服役时间因素，建立可实现海水压力渗透与氯离子侵蚀的管片接头全寿命侵蚀劣化分析模型，分析了全寿命周期（100年）内海底隧道管片接头的渐进式侵蚀劣化规律，重点研究了海水压力与氯离子浓度对管片接头侵蚀劣化及钢筋锈蚀的影响，并基于全寿命周期内的侵蚀劣化分析，提出保障海底盾构隧道管片衬砌结构长期安全的最经济、最合理的对策。

关键词：盾构隧道安全保障劣化分析离子侵蚀管片接头

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保障我国桥梁安全的战略思考

周建庭,郑丹

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第6期页码 27-37 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.06.005

摘要：

随着我国桥梁服役期的不断增长，其安全性、耐久性及维护管理的问题日益严重，安全保障问题也日益突出。本文调研了国内外桥梁结构安全保障科技发展的现状与趋势，阐述了我国桥梁安全保障领域的现状与面临的挑战，分析了我国桥梁安全保障技术、措施和政策的现状、优势以及与国外的主要差距，并在此基础上提出关于我国桥梁安全保障政策、技术和措施方面的思考。本文的研究结果可为我国重大基础设施结构安全保障计划的制定提供参考。

关键词：公路桥梁安全保障技术

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海洋桥梁工程抗风安全的难题及其对策思考

廖海黎,李明水,周强

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第3期页码 12-17 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.03.012

摘要：

与近海、内陆大跨桥梁工程相比，未来建设的深水海洋桥梁工程面临的风场环境将更加复杂，其抗风安全问题也必然更加严峻。本文首先分析了大跨度海洋桥梁工程的抗风研究现状，然后从海洋桥梁场址风场特性、抗风设计理论、风振控制技术和行车安全防风技术四方面，重点梳理了海洋桥梁工程抗风安全面临的重点难点问题及技术发展方向。在此基础上，探讨了海洋桥梁工程抗风的安全保障对策。

关键词：海洋桥梁工程抗风安全强台风气动控制技术

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Reliability guarantee framework for the Sichuan–Tibet Railway

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第4期页码 480-491 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0170-4

摘要： The Sichuan–Tibet Railway is facing extraordinary challenges in terms of construction, operation, and maintenance because of its extremely complicated natural environment and geological conditions. Consequently, countermeasures are necessary and urgent to ensure its safety and reliability in the whole life cycle. This study proposes a novel reliability framework to guarantee the ideal operation state of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway. Reliability application in many fields are summarized, including military equipment, rail locomotive, and railway engineering. Given the fact that the Sichuan–Tibet Railway is a complex giant system, Nine-Connotation was summarized (i.e., safety, inherent reliability, testability, maintainability, supportability, environmental adaptability, predictability, resilience, and durability) under the goal of optimizing the operational efficiency. On the basis of the concept of the Nine-Connotation and the understanding of reliability transmission mechanism, the framework of reliability for the Sichuan–Tibet Railway was established, which can facilitate a comprehensive and real-time evaluation of all situations with a clear hierarchy. The proposed framework is composed of a resilience management system, an integrated technology system, and a dynamic reliability assessment system. The pathway for its application on railway construction was developed in this study. The proposed framework can assist in well-informed decisions for the construction, as well as the operation of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway. On the basis of a top–down design concept for the first time, this study emphasizes the railway’s availability and validity to complete the assigned tasks as a whole, that is, operational efficiency. It also shows the reliability transmission and control mechanism of the railway’s giant complex system, innovating and establishing the management principle of great safety and great reliability over the life cycle.

关键词： Sichuan–Tibet Railway operational efficiency reliability guarantee Nine-Connotation implementation pathway

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铁路轨道工程长寿命安全保障战略探讨

王平,陈嵘,安博洋

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第6期页码 66-71 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.06.010

摘要：

我国轨道交通基础建设实现了跨越式发展，但针对轨道工程运营的安全管理与高效维护，仍存在许多复杂的难题亟待解决，突出表现为轨道结构实际服役周期难以达到设计寿命。因此，组织实施铁路轨道工程长寿命安全保障计划尤为迫切。本文首先回顾了我国铁路轨道工程领域取得的成绩，进一步介绍了国外一些发达国家在该领域的发展动态。相比发达国家，目前我国在轨道工程长寿命安全领域的研究还存在比较大的提升空间，具体表现在缺乏顶层设计，研究工作的系统性不足，深度与广度不够。最后就该计划的实施从理论研究、人才培养、智能化信息管理、性能提升与恢复等方面提出了若干建议。

关键词：铁路轨道工程长寿命安全保障 Shift2Rail

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气候变化背景下我国湖库型水源富营养化控制与饮用水安全保障策略

曹晓峰,冀泽华,兰华春,刘会娟,曲久辉

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第5期页码 34-40 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.05.005

摘要：

全球气候变化背景下湖库型水源面临不同程度的富营养化与蓝藻水华问题，对饮用水安全供给产生重要影响。本文通过分析我国现阶段湖库富营养化与湖库型水源地水质现状，从水源保护、净化工艺、管网配送与保障机制等方面，研判了全球气候变化背景下我国湖库型饮用水水源富营养化应对与饮用水安全保障面临的问题与挑战，提出四条针对性的饮用水安全保障策略建议：加强湖库型饮用水水源地环境保护与生态修复力度、推动全过程饮用水安全保障的科技支撑体系建设、构建基于大数据融合的饮用水安全保障智慧化监管平台、加快推动湖库型饮用水源水质安全保障体制机制创新，以期为气候变化影响下我国未来饮用水安全保障提供借鉴。

关键词：气候变化；饮用水；安全保障；湖库；富营养化

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CAR T cells redirected against tumor-specific antigen glycoforms: can low-sugar antigens guarantee a

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期页码 322-338 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0901-2

摘要： Immune-based therapies have experienced a pronounced breakthrough in the past decades as they acquired multiple US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals for various indications. To date, six chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies have been permitted for the treatment of certain patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. However, several clinical trials of solid tumor CAR-T therapies were prematurely terminated, or they reported life-threatening treatment-related damages to healthy tissues. The simultaneous expression of target antigens by healthy organs and tumor cells is partly responsible for such toxicities. Alongside targeting tumor-specific antigens, targeting the aberrantly glycosylated glycoforms of tumor-associated antigens can also minimize the off-tumor effects of CAR-T therapies. Tn, T, and sialyl-Tn antigens have been reported to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis, and their expression results from the dysregulation of a series of glycosyltransferases and the endoplasmic reticulum protein chaperone, Cosmc. Moreover, these glycoforms have been associated with various types of cancers, including prostate, breast, colon, gastric, and lung cancers. Here, we discuss how underglycosylated antigens emerge and then detail the latest advances in the development of CAR-T-based immunotherapies that target some of such antigens.

关键词： cancer immunotherapy chimeric antigen receptor solid tumors tumor-associated antigen glycosylation O-glycans adoptive cell therapy

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长三角地区饮用水安全保障策略研究

楚文海,杨旭,肖融,金伟

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第5期页码 19-25 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.05.003

摘要：

饮用水安全关系国计民生，我国政府一直高度重视饮用水安全保障工作。改革开放以来，在经济发展活跃、人口高度密集的长三角地区，水体环境污染给饮用水安全保障带来了巨大挑战；经过十余年的发展，长三角饮用水安全保障水平整体显著提升，有力促进了区域协调可持续发展，然而人民群众对水质安全和健康的要求也在逐渐提高，长三角超大城市群饮用水安全保障工作依然面临诸多挑战。由此，本文以长三角典型水源水质特征为切入点，总结了城市饮用水安全保障工作实施成效，从管理和技术两个维度，以及水源、水厂、管网（二次供水）三个方面剖析了饮用水水质进一步提升的现状问题，提出了健全生态补偿机制、协同修订水质标准、发展绿色高效净化技术、创新供水管理模式等措施建议，以期为长三角超大城市群和其他重点区域的饮用水安全保障和区域一体化发展提供参考与借鉴。

关键词：饮用水；长三角；安全保障；微量污染物；新污染物；绿色发展；智慧供水

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水下隧道衬砌结构服役安全及其保障对策思考

何川,刘四进,张玉春,封坤

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第6期页码 44-51 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.06.007

摘要：

本文从设计施工、环境侵蚀、突发自然灾害及突发事故灾害四个方面，分析了我国隧道衬砌结构安全所面临的问题；对上海地区黄浦江越江隧道和地下交通隧道等水下隧道工程进行了调查，重点分析了我国在役水下隧道衬砌结构服役的现状。并基于此，为有效保障隧道结构全寿命周期过程中的安全服役性能，及预留隧道结构长寿命有效条件，从隧道建设、结构性能退化、自然灾害、突发事故灾害等方面入手，探寻我国水下隧道结构的长寿命安全保障对策，以确保在隧道的全寿命周期内乃至长寿命要求下结构的安全服役性能。研究成果可为保障我国水下隧道等重大隧道结构的长寿命安全提供参考。

关键词：水下隧道服役安全安全保障对策长寿命结构病害

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作物遗传改良——农业可持续发展的保证

万建民

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第4期页码 431-432 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.019

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“Heavenly Road”: The Qinghai–Tibet Railway

Yongfu SUN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第2期页码 304-307 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0079-3

摘要： Xiaobo WANG. [J]. Front. Eng, 2019, 6(1): 131-137.Peter REDFERN, Hua ZHONG. [J]. Front. Eng, 2017, 4(2): 193-200.Qixiang FAN. [J]. Front. Eng, 2017, 4(2): 231-237.Ming-zhou Liu,Cong-hu Liu,Mao-gen Ge,Yuan Zhang,Qing-hua Zhu. [J]. Front. Eng, 2016, 3(2): 144-146.Yu Zhao,Sheng-quan Wang,Ke-chao Zhu. [J]. Front. Eng, 2015, 2(1): 35-38.Ru-gui Chen,Jia-meng Chen. [J]. Front. Eng, 2014, 1(1): 52-61.An Wang. [J]. Front. Eng, 2014, 1(1): 13-17.

关键词： permafrost protection sustainable development health guarantee system

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Urban design based on public safety-Discussion on safety-based urban design

Kaizhen CAI, Jianguo WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 219-227 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0023-4

摘要： Because of public safety problems in construction of urban surroundings, this paper expounds the necessity of the study on public safety-based urban design in perspective of modern city. It brings forward the concept of safety-based urban design and attempts to explore the basic connotation and contents with framework for studies.

关键词： urban public safety urban design safety-based urban design

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中国食品安全科技发展方向讨论

魏益民,吴永宁,周乃元,潘家荣

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第11期页码 1-4

摘要：

从发展国家食品安全战略，强化国家食品安全科技的角度，提出中国食品安全科技优先发展的四大方向，即风险分析是食品安全科技战略的首选领域；“从农田到餐桌”整体控制体系是食品安全全程控制技术和操作规范的理论基础，是实施食品安全管理的重要技术手段；检测监测技术是预警、预防、应急的技术依据，应集中力量开发一批内控和标准检验必须的快速检测技术和标准检测技术；以政府、生产者、消费者为责任人主体的管理理念是食品安全管理的基本原则，食品链上的所有责任人应在保障食品质量和安全的问题上主动承担责任。

关键词：食品安全科技战略发展方向

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Probabilistic safety assessment of self-centering steel braced frame

Navid RAHGOZAR, Nima RAHGOZAR, Abdolreza S. MOGHADAM

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 163-182 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0384-z

摘要： The main drawback of conventional braced frames is implicitly accepting structural damage under the design earthquake load, which leads to considerable economic losses. Controlled rocking self-centering system as a modern low-damage system is capable of minimizing the drawbacks of conventional braced frames. This paper quantifies main limit states and investigates the seismic performance of self-centering braced frame using a Probabilistic Safety Assessment procedure. Margin of safety, confidence level, and mean annual frequency of the self-centering archetypes for their main limit states, including PT yield, fuse fracture, and global collapse, are established and are compared with their acceptance criteria. Considering incorporating aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, the efficiency of the system is examined. Results of the investigation indicate that the design of low- and mid-rise self-centering archetypes could provide the adequate margin of safety against exceeding the undesirable limit-states.

关键词： self-centering steel braced frame mean annual frequency safety assessment confidence level margin of safety